learn engilsh grammer from grammer to tenses with the help of sindhi instructions

The Grammar tells us the rules of a language and it also describes that how to write a sentence a paragraph or a story.

In simple words we can say that Grammar is the best art of writing and reading speaking and understanding any language of the world.

گرامر هڪ اهڙو لفظ آهي جيڪو اسان کي ڪنهن ٻولي جي قاعدن جي باري ۾ ٻڏائيندو آهي ۽ اهو پڻ ٻڌائيندو آهي ته ڪو جملو فقرو يا ڪابه ڪهاڻي ڪيئن لکبي آهي. تنهن کي اسين گرامر چئون ٿا.

LETTER

 Each sign of alphabet is called letter.

LANGUAGE

Language is the method through which we express our thoughts to other and feeling to other people.

                                        ٻولي

ٻولي هڪ اهڙو طريقو آهي جنهن جي وسيلي اسين پنهنجي خيالن جو اظهار ڪري سگهون ٿا.

ALPHABET

Alphabet is an ordered set of letters or symbols which is used to represents the basic speech sound of Language.

الفابيٽ

الفابيت هڪ با ترتيب اکرن يا نشانين جو سيٽ آهي جيڪا ٻوليءَ جي بنيادي آوازن کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِاستعمال ٿئي ٿي.

WORD

A group of letters which gives us some meaning is called word.

لفظ

اکرن جو اهڙو ميڙ جنهن مان مڪمل معنيٰ ملي تنهن کي لفظ چئجي ٿو.

SENTENCE

The group of words which gives complete meaning that is called Sentence.

جملو

لفظن جو اهڙو ميڙ جنهن مان مڪمل معنيٰ ملي تنهن کي جملو چئبو آهي.

NOTE: There are five kinds of sentence.

1.   Assertive Sentence                                                                                    بياني جملو

2.   Interrogative Sentence                                                                            سوالي جملو 

3.   Imperative Sentence                                                                                امري جملو    

4.   Exclamatory Sentence                                                              تعجب ڏيکاريندڙجملو                            

Assertive Sentence: A sentence that makes a statement or assertion.

Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that ask Question.

Imperative Sentence: A sentence that expresses a command or entreaty or request.

Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that Express a strong feelings.

PHRASE

A group of a words which shows in incomplete meaning

As:   at the door.

        On the table.

        In the hand.

        In the home.

PARTS OF SPEECH

The word that we use in the sentence has got the different kinds of meaning and each word of the sentence does a particular job.

According to English Grammar there eight parts of speech.

ڳالهائڻ جا لفظ

اسان جملن ۾ جيڪي لفظ استعمال ڪندا آهيون انهن کي مختلف قسمن جي معنيٰ هوندي آهي ۽ هر لفظ هڪ خاص ڪم ڪندو آهي.

انگريزي گرامر مطابق ڳالهائڻ جا اٺ لفظ آهن.

THE NAMES OF PARTS OF SPEECH

1.   NOUN        اسم                                                

2.   PRONOUN ضمير                                        

3.   ADJECTIVE  صفت                                      

4.   VERBفعل                                                  

5.   ADVERBظرف                                            

6.   PREPOSITIONحرف جر                                  

7.   CONJUNCTIONحرف جملو                               

8.   INTERJECTIONحرف ندا                                 

NOUN

Actually the word Noun has been taken from the word Nomen of latin language which a name and a and a noun is such word which only and only used for names of person, place, animals and any thing.

OR

Noun is the naming word.

Example: Yasir, Faheem, Rabia, Nida, park, school, Rose, flower, lion, horse etc.

اسم

اصل ۾ لفظ نائون لاطيني ٻولي جي لفظ نومين مان ورتو ويو آهي جنهن جو مطلب آهي نالو، اسم اهو لفظ آهي جيڪو صرف ۽ صرف جيڪو ماڻهن، جڳهن، جانورن ۽ ڪنهن به شيءِ جي نالن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.

NOTE: A Noun also used for the names of action qualities and state of a person.

نوٽ: اسم ڪنهن ماڻهون جي عمل يا ڪم، خاصيت ۽ حالت کي پڻ بيان ڪندو آهي.

Example: formation, construction, beauty, goodness, poverty, child hood etc.

KINDS OF NOUN

THERE ARE FIVE KINDS OF NOUN

1.   COMMON NOUN:اسم عام                                                             

2.   PROPER NOUN:اسم خاص                                                                

3.   COLLECTIVE NOUN:اسم جمع                                                           

4.   MATERIAL NOUN:اسم جنس                                                            

5. ABSTRACT NOUN: اسم ذات                                                              

COMMON NOUN

The name of general names of persons, places, animals or things.

اسم عام

 ڪنهن ماڻهون، جاءِ، جانور يا شيءِ جي عام نالي کي اسم عام چئجي ٿو.

Example: child, man, boy, school, street, dog, cat, pen, book etc.

NOTE: Remember for showing a common noun in a sentence the indefinite article (a) (an) placed before the name of a general person, place, animal or thing.

نوٽ: ياد رکو ته اسم عام کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِجملي ۾ آرٽيڪل (a) يا(na) کي ڪنهن به نالي کان پهريان رکيو ويندو آهي.

    ROPER NOUN

A proper Noun tells us the name of a particular person, place animal or thing.

اسم خاص

ماڻهون، جاءِ، جانور يا ڪنهن شيءِ جي مخصوص نالي کي اسم خاص چئجي ٿو.

Example: Yasir, Zaman, Sunita, Zuhra, Noor Public School, Islamia Public School, Piano Pen, Philips T.V, African Lion, Indian Elephant etc.

COLLECTIVE NOUN

Such a collection or number of some person, things taken together and spoken of as whole that is called collective Noun.

اسم جمع: ماڻهن يا شين جو هڪ اهڙو مجموعو يا تعداد جيڪو هڪ کان وڌيڪ هجي ۽ ان جو نالو مجموعي طور تي واحدهڪ هجي تنهن کي اسم جمع چئبو آهي.

Example: team, flock, class, board, group, party etc.

MATERIAL NOUN

Such things which are solid or liquid of which other things are made is called a material Noun.

OR

Such a matter or substance of which other things are made is called Material Noun.

اسم جنس

اهڙيون شيون جيڪي، سخت يا پاڻياٺ هجن ۽ جن مان ڪي ٻيون شيون ٺهن ان کي اسم جنس چئبو آهي.

يا

ڪو به اهڙو مادو جنهن مان ڪي ٻيون شيون ٺاهيون وڃن ان کي اسم جنس چيو ويندو آهي.

Gold                                                                                                    سون

Wood                                                                                               ڪاٺ

Water                                                                                                    پاڻي

Iron                                                                                                      لوهه

Steel                                                                                                   فولاد

Cotton                                                                                                 ڪپهه

Wool                                                                                                        اَنُ

Rice                                                                                                    چانور

Wheat                                                                                             ڪڻڪ

ABSTRACT NOUN

An Abstract noun is the name of an action a quality or a state.

اسم ذات

اسم ذات نالو آهي ڪنهن ڪم ، خاصيت يا ڪنهن حالت جو.

NOTE:  We can’t touch or see the abstract Noun.

نوٽ: اسان اسم ذات کي ڇوهي يا ڏسي نه سگهندا آهيون.

  Example:

           ACTION                                                                                         ڪم يا عمل

           Advice صلاح                                                                                                     

           Love                                                                                                               پيار                                                                                                                Theft                                                                                                       چوري       

        Judgment                                                                                                       فيصلو           Laugh                                                                                                             کل                                                             

          QUALITY                                                                                             خاصيت      

           Truth                                                                                                        ڇوهڻ

        Bravery بهادري                                                                                                   

        Softness نرمي                                                                                                     

        Wisdom عقل                                                                                                      

        Honesty ايمانداري                                                                                                

        Goodness نيڪي                                                                                               

            STATE                                                                                                    حالت

        Happiness خوشي                                                                                               

        Kingdomبادشاهي                                                                                               

        Beggaryفقيري                                                                                                    

        Povertyغربت                                                                                                     

        Childhood                                                                                                ننڍ پڻ

        Slavery                                                                                                      غلامي

PRONUN

Such word which we use instead of a noun in the sentence is called a Pronoun.

OR

Pronoun is a word which is used to instead of noun is called Pronoun.

ضمير

اهڙو لفظ جيڪو اسين جملي ۾ اسم جي بدران ڪم آڻيون ٿا ان کي ضمير چئجي ٿو.

Example: I, We, You, They, He, She, It.

KINDS OF PRONOUN

THERE ARE EIGHT PARTS OF PRONOUN.

1.     PERSONAL PRNOUN                                                            ضمير خالص

2.     INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN                                              ضمير استهفام

3.     INDEFINITE PRONOUN                                                          ضمير مبهم  

4.     DEMONSTRATIVE PRNOUN                ضمير اشارو                                                           5.           RELATIVE PRONOUN                                                                    ضمير موصول 

6.     REFLEXIVE PRONOUN                                                         ضمير مشترڪ

7.     DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN                                                         ضمير تقسيم

8.     RESIPROCAL PRONOUN                                                                       ضمير مبادله

PERSONAL PRONOUN

That Pronoun which stands for person is called Personal Pronoun.

Example: I, We, You, They, He, She, It.

ضمير خالص

اهڙي قسم جو ضمير آهي، جيڪواڪثر ڪري اسم خاص ماڻهو جي نالي جي بدران ڪم اچي ان کي ضمير خالص چئبو آهي.

نوٽ: ضمير خالص کي ٽن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي.

THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF PRONOUN

1.     FIRST PERSON PRONOUN                                                                 ضمير متڪلم

2.     SECOND PERSON PRONOUN                                                                 ضمير حاضر

3.     THIRD PERSON PRONPOUN                                                           ضمير غائب 

FIRST PERSONAL PRONOUN

The person speaking that pronoun which stands for person.

ضمير متڪلم

 لفظ متڪلم جي اصل معنيٰ آهي ڳالهائيندڙ هاڻي جيڪڏهن ڪوبه ماڻهو يا ميڙ جي صورت ۾ ڳالهائيندو آهي ته ان کي ضمير متڪلم چيو ويندو آهي، ضمير متڪم ٻه آهن.

I, We

 نوٽ: جيڪڏهن ڪوبه ماڻهو پنهنجي باري ۾ ڳالهائيندو ته هو هن ريت ڳالهائيندو آهي.

I am a doctor and I live at Ghotki.

نوٽ: مٿين هڪ جملي ۾ ڏٺو ته هڪ ماڻهوءَ پنهنجو تعارف ڪرائڻ وقت ضمير متڪلم

   يعني (I) جو ٻه دفعااستعمال ڪيو آهي.

ضمير متڪلم: (We)

(We) ان وقت استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي.جڏهن ڪجهه ماڻهو گڏجي ڳالهائيندا آهنيا انهن جو ڪم ڪوبه هڪ ماڻهو بطور سربراهه مقبر يا وڏو ٿي ڪري ڳالهائيندو آهي.

Example: We want to say you some thing

مٿين جملي ۾ لفظ (We) ضمير متڪلم آهي.

SECOND PERSON PRONOUN

The person spoken to those pronouns which stand for person.

You and You

1.             Singular You

2.     Plural     You

ضمير متڪلم (you) واحد توڙي جمع ٻنهي فردن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اهو تڏهن استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي جڏهن ڪو ماڻهو اسان جي سامهون حاضر يا موجود هوندو آهي.

Example: You are guilty.           Singular

           You are poor men.    Plural

                               THIRD PERSON PRONOUN

The person spoken off those pronouns which stand for person.

ضمير غائب هي آهن:

He       Singular

She     Singular

It         Singular

They           Plural

Example: He went to meet her but she could not meet him.

نوٽ: مٿين جملي ۾ (She) ۽ (He) ٻئي ضمير غائب آهن  ڇاڪاڻ ته اهي موجود نه آهن پر انهن جي باري ۾ ڳالهايو ويو آهي.

Example: It was a stormy night.

ضمير متڪلم

 آهي ۽ اهو اڪثر ڪري جاندار شين لاءِ استعمال ڪيو(It singular (

ويندو آهي يا وري ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بطور تعارفي فاعل جي  استعمال پڻ ٿيندو آهي.

 Example: They

        They are coming her today.

        They are my mate in the hostel.

CASES OF PRONOUN

                                   

Subjective Case          Possessive Case                 Objective Case

1^st Person Pronoun

I,                                            my, mine                                     me

We,                                  our, ours                                  us

2^nd Person Pronoun

You                               your, yours                   you

You                               your, yours                   you                 

3^rd person pronoun

He                                         his, his                          him

She                               her, hers                       her

It                                   it, its                             it

They                                     their, theirs                   them

 

        INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

Those Pronouns which are used to ask a Question is called Interrogative Pronoun.

ضمير استفهام

اسان جڏهن به ڪنهن ماڻهوءَ يا شيءِ جي باري ۾ ڪجهه معلوم ڪرڻ چاهيندا آهيون ته اسان ان جي باري ۾ سوال پڇندا آهيون۽ جيڪو سوال پڇڻ جي ڪم اچي ان کي ضمير استفهام چئبو آهي.

Example: What, Who, Which, Whose, Whom etc.

INDEFINITE PRONOUN

Such a words which are used instead of unknown nouns are called Indefinite Pronoun. And some times those Pronouns can be singular and some times they can be plural in number.

ضمير مبهم

اهڙا لفظ جيڪي ڪنهن لڪيل يا اڻڃاڻو اسمن جي بدران استعمال ٿيندا آهن، تن کي ضمير مبهم چئبو آهي. ۽ اهي ضمير ڪڏهن واحد به ٿي سگهن ٿا يا ڪڏهن ڪڏهن جمع به ٿي سگهن ٿا.

Example: (Some) some people told us ass the story.

(Some body) Some body hates you a lot.

(Some one) Some one likes you very much.

(One) One should obey his parents.

(No body) No body is safe here.

(No one) No one can dare to abuse you.

(All) All the girls were senseless.

(Anybody) Any body can de

(Many) Many girl and boys were busy in writing.

DEMONSTRATVE PRONOUN

The Demonstrative Pronouns are those which are mostly used to point out persons places things or animals.

ضمير اشارو: اِهو اُهو ضمير آهي جيڪو اڪثر ڪري ماڻهن، جڳهن،شين يا جانورن ڏانهن آسارو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي.

Example:

               This         singular

               These              singular

               That        singular

                       Those              singular

RELATIVE PRONOUN

Such words which refer to a noun or pronoun going before them and conjoin the first sentence to an other sentence are called Relative Pronoun.

ضمير موصول

اهڙا لفظ جيڪي پاڻ کان اڳ ايندڙ اسم يا ضمير ڏانهن اشارو ڪن يا ٻڌائين ۽ پهرين جملي کي ٻئي سان ملائن تن کي ضمير موصول چئجي ٿو.

  Example:

Who

Whose

Whom

Which

That

NOTE: Who, Whose and whom are usually used for person and animal.

 اڪثر ڪري ماڻهن ۽ جانورن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي(Who, Whose and Whom)نوٽ:

Example: FOR PERSON:

1.   Ali is the boy who respects the elders.

2.   He is the man whom I asked about you.

FOR ANIMALS:

1.   That is the dog who always runs after me.

2.   This is my cat whom I call picky.

NOTE:     Which is such Relative Pronoun which is usually used for animals, birds and the things without life.

 اهڙو ضمير موصول آهي جيڪو اڪثر ڪري جانورن، پکين يا بي جان      Which نوٽ :

        شين لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي.

Example: This is parrot which sings the sweet songs.

This is the dog which guards our home.

This is the golden ring which I have bought for you.

NOTE: The Relative Pronoun that can also for person animals or things.

 ضمير موصول ماڻهن جانورن ۽ شين لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهبو آهي.Thatنوٽ:

Example:

1.   This is the girl that is very much intelligent.

2.   This is a dog that is rabid.

3.   I saw the book that the teacher taught us today.

COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUN

The following are the compound Relative Pronoun.

Whoso                                          جيڪا به- جيڪو به

Whose ever                       جو ڪوئي به- جيڪي به                             

Who everجوبه- ڪير به                                           

What everجيڪو- جيڪو به                                       

Which everجيڪو به- ڪهڙو به                                     

Example:

1.             Whoso says wrong?

2.             Whose ever loves him self is able to love others.

3.             Who ever hates become failures.

4.             Which ever you like I can buy you.

5.             What ever sanam said was the truth.

                          REFLECXIVE PRONOUN

Those pronouns in which the action done by the subject trun back up on it.

ضمير مشترڪ: اهڙا فاعل جن جو ڪم يا عمل انهن تي ٻئي اثر انداز ٿيندو آهي ان کي ضمير مشترڪ چئبو آهي.  

FORMATION OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

SINGULAR

My                                                        myself

Him                                       himself

Her                                       herself

It                                                   itself

Your                                              yourself

PLURAL

Yours              yourselves

They               themselves

Our         ourselves

USAGE OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:

1.     I did it myself.

2.     He did it himself.

3.     She did it herself.

4.     It did it itself.

5.     You did it yourself.

6.     We did it ourselves.

7.     You did it yourselves.

8.     They did it themselves.

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN

The pronoun which shows that the persons or things are taken singly or in separate groups is called Distributive Pronoun.

ضمير تــقسيم: اهي ضمير جيڪي ڏيکارن ته شيون يا شخص الڳ الڳ ڪري گروهن ۾ ڏيکاريا وڃن تن کي ضمير تــقسيم چئبو آهي.

Each       هرهڪ- هڪ                     

Either                     ڪوئي به هڪ

Neither                           ڪو به نه

Usage of Each:

        Each of you are my friends.

        Each of them was not present here.

        Each of those girls was graceful.

Usage of Either:

        Either of teachers can teach me.

Either of these girls can sing today.

Either of us has teased him.

Usage of Neither:

        Neither of these two boys is my son.

        Neither of them is sanam.

        Neither of you is hard working.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN

Such a word which show mutual action of two or more than two subjects and react on each other are called Reciprocal Pronoun.

ضمير مبادله : اهڙا لفظ جيڪي ٻن يا ٻن کان وڌيڪ فاعلن جي ڪم يا عملن کي ظاهر ڪن تن کي ضمير مبادله چئبو آهي.

Example: Each other

            One an other.

Usage of Each other:

        Both the wife and the husband would love each other.

        They pray for each other.

Use of one an other:

        They all were looking for one an other in jungle.

        The kids were kissing one an other in school when they were going to be separate from one an other.

ADJECTIVE

Actually the word Adjective means the praise and this word has been taken from the word of (Latin) language Adjective there fore it is used to add some thing to the meaning a noun or a pronoun in the sentence.

صفت: اصل ۾ لفظ صفت جو مطلب آهي تعريف يا ساراهه جو ۽ هي لفظ لاطيني ٻوليءَ جي    مان ورتو ويو آهي ۽ اهو جملي ۾ ڪنهن اسم يا ضمير جي گڻ يا اوگڻ کي ظاهرAdjicare  لفظ

ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي.

Example: good, nice, beautiful, ugly, bad etc.

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

There are eight kinds of Adjective:

1.     ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY

2.     ADJECTIVE OF QUANTIYY

3.     NUMARAL ADJECTIVE

4.     DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE

5.     DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE

6.     PROPER ADJECTIVE

7.     INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

8.     POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY

It shows the kind and state of a noun a persona place or a thing or a pronoun is called Adjective of Quality.

صفت وصفي: هي صفت اسم يا ضمير جي خاصيت، رنگ روپ قد ڪاٺ، سٺائي ۽ خرابي بيان ڪندي آهي.

Example: Rabia is a beautiful baby.

        She is tall.

        Aslam is a black boy.

        You are lazy.

        I am rich.

        They are poor.

ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY

It shows the Quantity of a thing material or abs trace only is called Adjective of Quantity.

ضمير مقداري: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي ڪنهن به اسم يا ضمير جي مقدار يا انداز کي واضع ڪن تن کي صفت مقداري چئبو آهي.

Example: We eat some fruit daily.

        She has come here several times.

        I can give them all of their things.

        Whole the day she was busy.

NUMERAL ADJECTIVE

It shows how many and in what order a noun is taken is called Numeral Adjective.

صفت عددي: اهڙي صفت جيڪا اسم يا ضمير جي تعدادکي ظاهر ڪن تن کي صفتعددي چئبو آهي.

Example: One man was on the roof.

        Two young girls were blind.

        There are thirty girls in school.

        Come with in ten minutes.

THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVE

1.             Definite Adjective of number

2.             Indefinite Adjective of number

DEFINITE ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER

Definitive numeral Adjective

صفت عدد معين: هن کي سنڌي ۾ صفت عددد معين چئبو آهي، ۽ هي ڪنهن به شيءِ جو صحيح ۽ واضع تعداد ڏيکاريندو آهي.

Example: one, two, three, four, first, second, third, fourth etc.

INDIFINITE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE

صفت عددي غير معين: هي عدد يا لفظ شين جو مڪمل تعداد نه ڏيکاريندا آهن.

Example: Any one, much many, all the study, some milk, many people, several times.

PRORER ADJECTIVE

Adjective which formed from proper noun is called Proper Adjective.

صفت خالص: اهڙي صفت جيڪا ڪنهن خاص نالي يا اسم مان ٺاهيا وڃن تن کي صفت خالص چئبو آهي.

Example:

               PROPER NOUN                     PRONOUN ADJECTIVE

                   Pakistan                                   Pakistani

                   Asia                                   Asian

                   America                             American

                   China                                Chinese 

                   Japan                                Japanese

                   Iran                                   Iranian

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE

This Adjective which point out to a noun, person or thing is called Demonstrative Adjective.

صفت اشارو: صفت اشاري کان فورن بعد اسم رکيو ويندو آهي جڏهن ته ضمير اشاري   کان فورن بعد فعل رکيو ويندو آهي. this, these, that

 Example: This, that, these, those

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

The Adjective which are used to ask Questions are called Interrogative Adjective.

صفت استفهام: اهڙا صفت جيڪي اڪثر سوال پڇڻ جي ڪم اچن تن کي صفت استفهام چئبو آهي.

Example: Which, what, whose.                                         

1.   Which pen is your’s?

2.   What reason can be of them?

3.   Whose pen is pink?

DISTRUBATIVE ADJECTIVE

The Adjective which show that the persons, things or places used in a sentence taken singly or separately are called Distributive Adjective.

صفت تقسيم: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي ڪن به شين جي تقسيم يا ورهاست ڏيکارين تن کي صفت تقسيم چئبو آهي.

Example: Every, Each, Either, and Neither. 

1.   Every teacher should work hard.

2.   Each girl was busy in reading.

3.   Either man will come to us today.

4.   Neither boy is intelligent here. 

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE

Such a word which are noun in the sentence with noun are called Possessive Adjective.

صفت اضافت: اهرا لفظ جيڪي اسان ڪنهن شيءِ جي مالڪي ڏيکارڻ لاءِ جملي ۾ اسم سان گڏ استعمال ٿين تن کي صفت اضافت چئبو آهي.

Example: my, our, your, his, her, its, their.

VERB

A word which shows the action is called Verb.

فعل هڪ اهو لفظ آهي جيڪو اسان کي ٻڌائي سگهي ته فاعل ڇا آهي يا فاعل ڪٿي آهي.

Example: eat, write, go, play, accept etc.

KINDS OF VERBS

There are two kinds of Verb.

1.   Main Verb

2.   Auxiliary Verb

MAIN VERB

A word which shows the action of any person is called the Main Verb.

مکيه فعل: اهو لفظ جيڪو ڪنهن ماڻهو جي ڪنهن ڪم ياعمل کي ظاهر ڪري ان کي مکيه فعل چئبو آهي.

NOTE: There are two kinds of Main Verb.

1.   Transitive Verb

2.   Intransitive Verb

TRANSITIVE VERB

A transitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which passes over from does subject to an object.

فعل متعدي: متعدي جي لفظي معنٰي آهي وڌندڙ يا اثر ڪندڙ هڪ اهڙو فعل جيڪو جملي ۾ پاڻ سان گڏ فاعل ۽ مفعول کي کڻي ان کي فعل متعدي چئبو آهي.

Example: He sings English song.

              We drive a car.

نوٽ: مٿين جملن ۾ فعل پاڻ سان گڏ مفعول کنيان آهن تنهنڪري هو فعل متعدي آهي.

INTRASITIVE VERB

An Intransitive Verb is a verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to an object.

فعل لازمي: اهڙو فعل جيڪو فاعل سان گڌجي ڪو جملو ٺاهڻ جي سگهه رکي ۽ پاڻ سان مفعول کڻڻ جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪري ان کي فعل لازمي چئبو آهي.

Example:

              I run.

              We smile.

نوٽ: پر ڪڏهن ڪڏهن فعل لازميپاڻ سان گڏ حرف جر جو مفعول کڻندو آهي.

Example: I put the books on the table.  

AUXILARY VERB

Such words which are used with the Main Verb as the helping and generally help us to form interrogative sentences are called Auxiliary Verb.

مددگار فعل: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي جملن ۾ مکيه فعل سان گڏ بطور مددگار فعل استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ خاص ڪري اسان جي سوالي جملن ٺاهڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ان کي مددگار فعل چئبو آهي.

I shall write a letter.

I am going to city.

I was doing work.

I am young boy.

VERB

It shows time, manner, reason, affirmation or negation of verb is called Adverb.

ظرف: اهو جيڪو فعل جو وقت، انداز، هاڪار ۽ ناڪار کي ظاهر ڪري تنهن کي ظرف چئبو آهي.

Example:

Time: Today, tonight, tomorrow

Manner: Quickly, fastly, slowly

Reason: here, there, where

Affirmation: yes, yah

Negation: No, not

KINDS OF ADVERB

1.   ADVERB OF TIME

2.   ADVERB OF PLACE

3.   ADVERB OF NUMBER

4.   INTERROGATIVE ADVERB

5.   RELATIVE ADVERB

6.   ADVERB OF DEGREE

7.   ADVERB OF MANNER

8.   ADVERB OF NEGATION AND AFFIRMATION

ADVERB OF TIME

Such a word which shows the time in sentence is called Adverb of time.

ظرف زمان: اهڙا ظرف جيڪي جملي ۾ ڪنهن ڪم جي ٿيڻ جو وقت بيان ڪن تن کي ظرف زمان چئبو آهي.

Example: I phoned him Now.

              She went to Karachi Yesterday.

                   I am very happy today.

ADVERB OF PLACE

Such a word which shows in the sentence place is called Adverb of place.

ظرف مڪان: اهڙا ظرف جيڪي جملي ۾ ڪنهن جڳهه کي ظاهر ڪن تن کي ظرف مڪان چئبو آهي.

Example: He comes here.

              They were inside the room.

              Every where you will find God.

ADVERB OF NUMBER

Such a word which show how often and number in the sentence are called Adverb of Number.

ظرف تعداد: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي جملي ۾ ڪنهن شيءِ جي ڳڻپ ٻڌائيندا آهن تن کي ظرف تعداد چئبو آهي.

Example:

1.   I have never distance the Larkana city.

2.   She brushes her teeth twise a day.

3.   he seldom comes on his duty.

ADVERB OF MANNER

They show how or in what manner any thing or any place or any person are called Adverb of manner.

ظرف تميز- قدر: اهڙا ظرف جيڪي جملي ۾ ڪنهن ماڻهوءَ يا شيءِ جي قدر کي بيان ڪن تن کي ظرف تميز چئبو آهي.

Example: He told the entire story clearly.

          He left each other happily.

              She did the work but lazily.            

ADVERB OF NEGATION AND AFFIRMATION

They show Negation and Affirmation of facts is called Adverb of Negation and Affirmation.

Example: I don’t know you.

                He certainly wants to meet you.

                Surely you are mistake.

                            ADVERB OF DEGREE

They show how much or in what degree or to what extent are called Adverb of Degree.

ظرف مقدار: اهڙا ظرف جيڪي جملي ۾ ڪنهن به صفت يا فعل جي مقدار انداز حد يا درجي کي ظاهر ڪن انهن کي ظرف مقدار چئبو آهي.

Example: It is nearly like you.

              It was partly better.

              He is almost lazy.

              You are very good people.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERB

When Adverbs are used in asking Questions they are called Interrogative Adverb.

ضمير استفهام: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي جملي ۾ سوال پڇڻ جي ڪم اچن تن کي ظرف استفهام چئبو آهي.

Example:    How long have you been in Sukkur city?

                 How do you do?

                Why do you like her?

                When do they start their work.

RELATIVE ADVERB

When an Adverb relates or refers back to its antecedents it is called Relative Adverb.

ظرف موصول: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي هڪ جملي کي ملائن تن کي ظرف موصول چئبو آهي.

Example: Where, Why, Where, Whereas

PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word which shows relation between noun and pronoun is called Preposition.

حرف جر: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي انگريز ي ٻوليءَ جي جملي ۾ ڪنهن اسم يا ضمير جي اڳيان اچِي هڪ اسم ضمير جو تعلق پئي اسم يا ضمير سان تعلق ڏيکارين تن کي حرف جر چئبو آهي.

Example: I am in my office.

             He is flying a kite on the roof.     

             Sanam is singing songs with her sister.

            Your picture was over the tube light.

LIST OF PREPOSITION

To                               between

At                                 among

On                                 about

In                                  about

Over                            beneath

Up                                bellow

Of                                   into

After                              inside

Out                              outside

For                               before

Under                           beside

With                             behind

Through                        within

From                            beyond

Since                            across

For                                along

                                      Above

CONJUCTION

Conjunction is a word which joins two words two parts two sentences are is called Conjunction.

حرف جملو: اهڙو لفظ جيڪو ٻن لفظن ٻن حصن ۽ ٻن جملن کي پاڻ ۾ ملائي تن کي حرف جملو چئبو آهي.

Example: and, as well, because, but

KINDS OF CONJUNCTION

THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CONJUNCTION.

1.   CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION

2.   SUB-ORDINATING CONJUNTION

CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIO

Such conjunction which usually connect/join two Similar or Independent sentences are called Co-ordinating Conjunction.

ملائيندڙ حرف جملا: اهڙا حرف جملا جيڪي هڪ جهڙن يا خود مختيار جملن کي پاڻ ۾ ملائن تن کي ملائيندڙ حرف جملو چئبو آهي.

Example: but, each other, whereas

1.   We waited for him but his brother did not wait for him.

2.   You, they and we are brothers to each other.

3.   I shall be busy tomorrow whereas he will be totally free tomorrow.

SUB-ORDINATING CUNJUNCTION

Such conjunctions which join or connect the dependant clause to an independent clause are called Sub-Ordinating Conjunction.

 چئبو آهي.Sub-Ordinatingجيڪي هڪ ماتحت جملن سان ملائين تن کي   وصف:  

Example:

              1. She fears so that her father may scold her.

     2.  I enjoy when it rains.

     3.  She can help me if you say to her.

INTERJECTION

An Interjection is a word which shows Exclamation is called Interjection.

حرف ندا: اهڙا لفظ جيڪي جملن ۾ ذهن جي ڪجهه اچنڪ جذبات يا محسوس کي واضع ڪن تن کي حرف ندا چئبو آهي.

نوٽ: حرف ندا اڪثر ڪري جملن ۾ غم ارمان خوشي خواهش يا تعجب کي ظاهر ڪندو آهي.

Example: Alas, ah, hurrah, huzza

Sorrows

1.   Alas! I lost my life.

2.   Ah! why it happened.

3.   Alas! she died in her youth.

Happiness/Joy

1.   Hurrah! I have got my work done by rabi.

2.   Huzzah! He said to me you are right.

3.   Aha! You won the race.

Desire

1.   Would that you were my friend.

2.   Would that I was an engineer.

Exclamation

1.   What a nice man you are!

2.   How beautiful she was!

DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE

There are three degrees of Adjective.

1.   Positive Degree                         صفت خالص                       

2.   Comparative Degree                                             صفت تفصيل

3.   Superlative Degree                                                 صفت مبالغو                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

POSITIVE DEGREE

A degree which shows simply noun and pronoun are called Positive Degree.

صفت خالص: اهڙا صفت جيڪي جملن ۾ ڪنهن به اسم يا ڪنهن به ضمير جي سٺائي يا برائي کي واضع ڪن ۽ ڪنهن به ٻئي اسم يا ضمير سان ڀيٽ نه ڏيکارين انهن کي صفت خالص چئبو آهي.

Example: My brother is thin.

        I am lazy.

        You are a bold man.

نوٽ:مٿين جملن ۾هيٺيان لڪير ڏنل لفظ صفت خالص آهن.

COMPARATIVE DEGREE

A Degree which shows Compression one thing to other is called Comparative Degree.

هي صفت جملي ۾ ڪن به ٻن اسمن يا ضميرن جي وچ ۾ ڀيٽ ڏيکاريندا آهن.

Example: Ali is thinner is than my brother.

             Waseem was cleverer than me.

          She is bolder than you.

                            SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

A Degree which shows domination one thing to all is called Superlative Degree.

صفت مبالغو: اها صفت جيڪي هڪ شيءِ جو مقابلو سڀن شين سان ڏيکاري تنهن کي صفت مبالغو چئبو آهي.

Example: He is most intelligent of the entire class.

        Ali is thinnest is than my brother.

        Waseem is cleverest then me.

SYLLABLE

THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF SYLLABLE SYLLABLE:

The words we read in the sentences have got one, two, three, four or five parts and such parts of the words is called Syllable.

ROLE # 1

MONO SYLLABLE: هڪ بد وارا لفظ                                                                  

Example: fast, hard, sharp etc.

        ۽   er  ڪرڻ لاء  comparativeاهڙا لفظ جيڪي هڪ پد وارا هجن ته انهن جي   

 استعمال ڪبي.est ڪرڻ لاءِ  Superlative

Example:

        Fast              Faster              Fastest

        Sharp                                     Sharper           Sharpest

        Hard                                         Harder            Hardest

        Old               Older              Oldest

        Cool          Cooler            Coolest

ROLE # 2

Di/Ti SYLLABLE ٻن پدن يا ٽن پدن وارا لفظ                                                                              

۽  more   ڪرڻ لاءِ comparative اهڙا لفظ جيڪي ٻن لفظن يا ٽن پدن جا هجن انهن جي

 استعمال ڪبي آهي.Most  ڪرڻ لاءِSuperlative

Example:        careful                    more careful                           most careful

               Beautiful                  more beautiful                        most beautiful

ROLE # 3

 اکرموجود هجي ته صفت تفصيل بڻائڻ لاءِصفت   (E)جيڪڏهن صفت خالص ۾ پهريائين

 جوڙي ويندي آهي.  (St) ۽ صت مبالغو بڻائڻ لاءِبنائڻ لاءِ  (R) خالص جي پويان فقط

Example:        Large              larger              largest

                Able         abler                ablest

White              whiter              whitest

                Wise               wiser               wisest

                True         truer         truest

                Fine         finer         finest

نوٽ: جيڪڏهن  ڪو به صفت خالص هڪ پد وارو هوندو آهي ۽ اهو ڪنهن حرف   تي ختم ٿيندو. ۽ ان کان اڳ ۾ ڪوئي حرف علت اکر هوندو ته(Consonant)صحيح اکر يعني  

    ملائي ان جي حرف صحيح اکر ٻيڻو ڪيو ويندو آهي. (est) ۽  (er)  

ROLE # 4

اکر تي ختم ٿي ۽ ان کان اڳ ان صفت ۾ حرف(y)جيڪڏهن هن ڪوئي صفت خالص

 جو اضافو ڪري صفت تفصيل بڻايو ويندو آهي۽    (er) ۾ تبديلي ڪري ان ۾ (I)                            کي (y)        صحيح هجي ته

  ملائي ڪري صفت مبالغو بڻايو ويندو آهي.(est)

Example: Early earlier earliest

          Lazy lazier laziest

          Busy busier busiest

          Happy happier happiest

REGULAR/WEAK VERBS__ AND IRREGULAR/STRONG VERBS

  Regular/Weak verbs فعل باقاعده   

Weak verbs are those verbs which form their past tense by adding ed_ d or rt to present fist form without or with any inside change the vowels.

 ٻئين ٽئين حالت بڻائي ان کي  ed يا d ۾  fist form فعل باقائده : اهڙا فعل جيڪي پنهنجي پهرين حالت     

فعل باقاعده چئبو آهي.

Example:

cook        cooked   cooked

                Start         started            started

                Touch              touched          touched

                Work               worked            worked

Call         called             called

 Irregular/strong Verb  فعل بي قاعده                 

Strong Verbs are those verbs which form their past tense by changing the vowel in the  body of Present tense without adding an ending.

فاعل بي قائده :  اهڙا فعل جيڪي پنهنجي ٻئين ۽ ٽئين صورت بدلائڻ ۾ ڪو قائدو يا قانون نه رکن ان کي فعل بي قائدي چئبو آهي.

Example:

                Awoke            awake            awoken

                Bring               brought          brought

                Drink               drank              drunk

                See          saw                seen

ARTICLE

There are two kinds of Article:

1.             Definite Article

2.             Indefinite Article

DEFINITE ARTICLE

It is only ‘the” one which is used to particularize a common word.

 آهي جيڪو اسم عام کي اسم خاص بڻائي ٿو.‘the”اهو هڪڙو ئي

Example: The man, the boy, the teacher etc.

INDEFINITE ARTICLE (a), (an)

) اتي استعمال ڪبو آهي  جتي الف جو آواز نه نڪري.a(

) اتي استعمال ڪبو آهي جتي الف جو آواز نڪري.an(

CASES OF NOUN

There are four cases of Noun.

1.   The Nominative case                                                    حالت فاعلي

2.   The Objective case حالت مفعولي                                                        

3.   The Possessive case   حالت اضافت                                                     

4.   The Vocative  caseحالت ندا                                                            

1. THE NOMINATIVE CASE: When a Noun is used as a subject in the sentence is calle Nominative case.

Example: Tanveer Ahmed runs very fast.

2.THE OBJECTIVE CASE: When a Noun is used as object to (i) a Verb or a Preposition a Participle it is case is said to be Objective case.

Example: Ali lives in a city.

        Ali eats a mango.

        He went to school.

        Which beating Saleem.

3.             THE POSSESSIVE CASE: When Noun is used to show possession it said to be in the Possessive case.

Example: girls be attentive.

The case of Noun girls is Akram’s house in Latif abad.

4.             VOCATIVE CASE: When a Noun is used in a sentence to address some one the case of that Noun is said to be Vocative Case.

Example: girls be attentive.

NOTE: The case of Noun girls is vocative because they are addressed to.

MOODS OF VERB

     There are four kinds of moods:

1.             Indicative Mood  بياني                                                   

2.             Imperative mood امري                                                     

3.             Infinitive Moodمصدري                                                 

4.             Subjunctive Mood   شرطي                                                 

1. Indicative Mood: The Indicative Mood is used to make statement of facts or to ask a Question to express supposition which assumed as facts is called Indicative Mood.

Example: She goes to school daily.

        Did you go to school?

        It rains, I shall stay at home.

2. Imperative mood: The Imperative mood is used to express a command or an exhortation or entreaty or Request is called Imperative mood.

Example:  

        Command:

Wait here.       Shut up.

        Exhortation:

Take care of your health.       Never fell a lie.               Successful in life.

        Entreaty request of prayer:

Take pity on me.     Let me go.      May God bless.

3.   Infinitive Mood: The Infinitive Mood is used to name on action.

Example:

I drink wine is against Islam.

He wants to live in Hyderabad.

I saw him weep.

They watched him die.

He made us laugh.

4.   Subjunctive Mood: The subjective mood is used to express a wish or desire or express a purpose or express a condition and its consequences and express a doubt is called Subjunctive Mood.

Example:

        I wish I were the president of Pakistan.

        O, that I were a bird.  

TENSES

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

زمان حال مطلق

اهڙو فعل جيڪو صرف حاضر وقت جي معنٰي ڏيکاري تنهن کي زمان حال مطلق چئبو آهي.

Helping Verb: DO and DOES

Sign: ٿو، ٿي، ٿا، ٿيون، دو آهيان، دي آهيان، دا آهن وغيره                                        

DO	DOES
I	He
You	She
We	It
They	Singular
Plural

Composition:                                             Composition:

    Subject + 1^st form of + object.                                        Subject + 1^st form of + “s” or “es” object.

جو بياني جملي ۾ اضافو ڪيو ويندو آهي.  “es” يا “s” نوٽ:

مثال :  آءٌ ڪتاب پڙهان ٿو.

          اسين راڳ ڳايون ٿا.

          اسلم پينسل گهري ٿو.

نوٽ: جيڪڏهن زمان حال مطلق ۾ ڪنهن شيءِ بابت خاطري يا پڪ ڏيکارڻي هجي ته فعل جي

 استعمال ڪندا آهيون.Do اڳيان

       PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

زمان ماضي مطلق

اهو فعل جيڪو صرف گزريل وقت جي معنٰي ڏيکاري تنهن کي زمان ماضي مطلق چئبو آهي.

Helping Verb: DID

Sign: يو، يي، يا، يون، دو هيس، دي هيس، دا هئا،ديون هيون وغيره                        

Composition: Subject + 2^nd form + object.

نوٽ: بياني جملي ۾ فعل جي ٻئين صورت استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي ۽ مددي فعل استعمال نه ٿيندو.

 in one week you get all tenses which are remaining

 thanks regard tanveer ahmed kalwar

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